American foulbrood (AFB) is the most serious brood disease of the honey bee. Traditional methods are reliable but rather slow simply because they are based on biochemical, morphological and physiological identification of cultivated isolates. The aim of this study is the detection of Paenibacillus larvae larvae spores in honey and diseased larvae samples by culture and PCR. Therefore 54 samples of diseased larvae and 36 honey samples, were diluted with an equal volume of distilled water and centrifuged, then the pellet was used for bacterial culture, DNA extraction and PCR. PCR products were electrophoresed on 0.8 % agarose gel. Five of 54 (9.3 %) larvae samples and 5 of 36 (13.9 %) honey samples were positive for Paenibacillus larvae larvae by culture and PCR. As a result, screening of honey and larvae samples by PCR method proved to be a reliable, fast and useful method on regional and national scale for monitoring, controlling, and using preventive measures before the occurrence of American foulbrood damages.

In this survey antibacterial effects of Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus against Painibacillus larvae, causative agent of honeybee American foulbrood disease, has investigated by Agar spot test, Well diffusion and Microdilution methods. In Agar spot test 107cfu/ml of Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus made inhibition zone 45 and 40 mm around spots on the agar medium respectively. In the well diffusion method, 100 microliters of cell free supernatant (cfcs) of Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus mede inhibition zone 40 and 30 mm around wells respectively, 50 microlitrs of L. casei and L. acidophilus supernatant mede inhibition zone 30 and 25 mm around wells respectively and 30 microlitrs of L. casei and L. acidophilus supernatant made inhibition zone 20 and 12 mm around wells respectively. In the microdulation method 103 -108cfu/ml concentrations of two lactobacillus inhibited P. lrvae growth completely, but 102 and 10 cfu/ml of two lactobacillus have not any effect on the P. larvae growth. The results of this study show that L. casei and L. acidophilushave antibacterial effects on the P. larvae, causative agant of the honeybee American foulbrood disease and can use as a safe remedy for treatment of this disease.

American foulbrood disease is the most serious and deadly bacterial disease of bee infants and is caused by the gram-positive bacterium that produces Paenibacillus larvae spores. In this regard, accurate and timely diagnosis of this disease is very important. In the present study, the molecular epidemiology of this disease was studied regionally in eight provinces of the country. Frothy eight samples of bees, honey and debris were collected. After preparation, the samples were tested by nested PCR method and the PCR product was electrophoresed on 1% agarose gel. The results show out of 48 samples of bees examined, number of 14 were positive (29.16%), out of 48 samples of honey were examined, number of 16 were positive (33.33%) and out of 48 samples of debries, number of 5 were positive (10.41%). The results of this study show that for epidemiological and monitoring studies of Paenibacillus larvae infection in bee colonies, collecting honey samples is a more reliable method than other samples. Today in the world, this method is used for continuous monitoring of this disease and according to the results, the strategy of control, prevention and treatment are formulated and implemented. Also, diagnosis of the disease using honey samples and in the next priority of adult bees, has a higher prognostic value compared to the identification of bacteria in the samples of wax, pollen and debris.

Plum fruit moth Grapholita funebrana (Treitschke) is one of the important pests of plums. The aim of this study was to assess the antixenosis resistance of plum genotypes/cultivars and the effect of fruit physico-chemical characteristic on it. Twenty seven plum genotypes/cultivars in fruits tree genetic resources collection in Kemalshahr in Karaj, Iran, were considered and evaluated from 2019 to 2021 seasons. Antixenosis resistance indices were estimated by sampling larvae population during the seasons. The plum geneotypes/cultivars were grouped using cluster analysis, and the relationship between different fruit characteristics and antixenosis resistance was investigated using Pearson correlation. The antixenosis resistance indices had significant relationship with fruit length, width, diameter, engineering diameter, spherical index and fruit surface area. The minimum antixenosis index of larvae establishment ratio in Bukhara, Genotype 19 and Uromieh 20 was 0. 02, and its maximum was 0. 06 in Anjelo, Friar, G-98, Kh-Mashhad and Sosourmi. The minimum larval non-preference index was 91. 96 in G-Melayer and its maximum was 98. 81 in Bukhara. The minimum larvae preference was 0. 03 in Sosourmi, and its maximum was 1. 03 in Zojlo. The minimum larvae crowding index was 24. 6 in Bukhara, and its maximum was 66. 42 in G-98. Finally, Black Star, Queen Rosa, G99, G98, Qomi, Santa Rosa, Sosurmi, Anjelo, Black Amber, and GR-Rezaieh genotpes/cultivars were more resistant, and Kermanshah genotype was the most sensitive to plum fruit moth. The results of this research are part of the supplementary information for selection of suitable plum cultivars for development of plum orchards in Karaj and other similar envirmonetal conditions.

Specialized fishing methods of the One of the common problems in shrimp farming industry, is the infestation of the shrimp and it’s larval stages by epicommensal ciliates. Some of these ciliates can make some health problems directely (by interference to molting) and indirectely (oxygen deplating) in shrimp farming industry world wide. Since there is not any report about the infestation of larval stages of P. indicus to epicommensal ciliates in hatcharies of this region, this study carried out to determin the ciliates kind and their intensity of infestation. This investigation was done in spring of 2002 in Choabdae rigion (Abadan-Iran). In successive sampling, the total of 345 shrimp including 50 nauplius, 70 protozoa, 125 mysis and 125 post larvae of Penaeus indicus were caught and were carried alive to the laboratory.Different parts of shrimps body were examined microscopically by routin methods. The intensity of infestation were measured and the genus of the ciliates were determined as Zoothamnium sp. and Vorticella sp. These ciliates were observed in mysis and post-larval stages and the infection rate were 2% and 4% respectively. The intensity of the ciliats infestation in all stages were estimated as low. The observed ciliates were attached to the telson, between pleopods, on cephalothorax and eyestalks. No ciliate was observed on the gills of studied larvae and post-larvae. The low intensity of these ciliates may be due to successful control measures of the hatchery management system. The ciliate infestation was too low for detecting the best site of attachment of the ciliates, however, it can be conclued that the larvae showed no site specifity for attachment of the parasite.

Objective: The orange-red spectrum of the skin of electric yellow (Labidochromis caeruleus) is one of the idealistic and necessary schemas sought by aquarists and commercial producers. In this study, the effect of live foods meal on the skin coloration of juvenile electric yellow was examined.Methods: 270 fish with an average living body weight was 0.42±0.11 g, and average total length was 3.3±0.35 cm. Their sex was not taken into consideration.. The fish were fed twice in the morning and afternoon by 3-5 percent of the biomass for 8 weeks. The six different treatments (three replicates/treatment) used in the experiment were used. Skin color was measured in below the dorsal fin of all fish. Measurements were recorded at the end of the feeding trial using a Konica Minolta Chroma Meter CR400.Results: At the end of the trial, the carotenoid supplemented diets significantly increased the values of redness (a*), yellowness (b*), and chroma (C*), and decreased the values of lightness (L*) and hue (Hoab) on the tail, body, and head areas (p<0.05). luminosity (L*) and hue (Hoab) were less in fishes fed the diets with live foods and astaxanthin than in fishes fed the control diet with no pigment sources (p<0.05). yellowness (b*), and Chroma (C*) were greater in fish fed the culex and were less in fish fed the control diet(p<0.05). Results show that live foods used in this trial can be used as an alternative natural carotenoid source in electric yellow diets.

American foulbrood disease (AFB) is one of the most important bacterial diseases of honey bee can be caused severe losses in apiaries. AFB caused by Paenibacillus larvae a Gram positive and spore-forming bacterium. This study was taken placed in 15 area of east Azerbaijan province of IRAN between 2006-2007 years. In this study, 500 bee hives were randomly selected from 100 apiaries. Standard Bacteriological tests was performed to isolate Paenibacillus larvae Identification and Antibiogram tests were done on approved isolates. The results of this study revealed that, three apiaries were infected by Paenibacillus larvae and they were sensitive to the Oxytetracycline, Tetracycline, Doxycycline, Sulphadimidine, Taylosin, Gentamicin, Streptomycin and Penicillin respectively. Finally, it was demonstrated that the rate of AFB in apiaries of east Azerbaijan province is low and isolated bacteria were sensitive to the most antibiotics.